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    Api 5l 46th e hlalositsoeng bakeng sa kakaretso ea pipe ea mohala

    TLHOKOMELISO Api 5L 46th
    • Api 5l 46th e hlalositsoeng bakeng sa kakaretso ea pipe ea mohala

    Tlhaloso e khutšoane:

    E hlalositse tlhahiso ea maemo a mabeli a sehlahisoa (PSL1 le PSL2) ea pompo ea tšepe e se nang lehloa bakeng sa tšebeliso ea pepelo lipapalong tsa peterole le khase ea tlhaho. Bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lintho tse bonahalang ka ts'ebeliso e bolila e bolela ho atnex H le bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea litšebeletso tsa Offshore


    Lintlha tsa sehlahisoa

    Li-tag tsa lihlahisoa

    Boemo ba ho tlisa

    PSL Boemo ba ho tlisa Sehlopha sa Pipe
    PSL1 E halikiloeng, e tloaelo, e tloaelehileng

    A
    E halikiloeng, e holofetseng, e ne e thella farmomen e halikiloeng, mokhoa o ikhethileng o entsoeng, o tloaelehile o ile oa its'oara, o tloaelehile ebile o lumella Q & t smls feela

    B
    E ne e roahleha, e tloaelehileng e ne e thothomela, e holofatsoa, ​​Thermomechate e thehiloeng ho Thermo-mokhoa o thehiloeng ho sona, e tloaelehileng e entsoeng, e tloaelehile, e tloaetse X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X60, X65, X70
    PSL 2 E halikiloeng

    BR, X42r
    Ho sebelisana ho thomo, ho tloaelehile ho etsoa, ​​ho tloaelehile kapa o tloaelehile ebile o na le khalefo Bn, X42n, X46n, X52n, X56n, X60n
    E qhalaneha Bq, x42q, x46Q, x60q, x70q, x70q, x80q, x90q, x100q, x100q
    Thermomechanical e halikiloeng kapa thermomechaniniki e thehiloeng BM, x42m, x46m, x60m, x65m, x70m, x70m, x80m
    Thermomechanical X90M, X100M, X120m
    Ho lekane (r, n, n, q) bakeng sa limaraka tsa PSL2, e le sehlopha sa tšepe

    Tlhahisoleseling ea ho odara

    Odara ea theko e tla kenyelletsa bongata, mofuta oa PSL, ho buuoa ka boqhekelli, bolelele ba liteko, ho etsa liteko ho teng.

    Tloaelo e tloaelehileng ea tlhahiso

    Mofuta oa phala

    PSL 1

    PSL 2
    Keletso A K X42 ho x70 B ho x80 X80 ho X100
    Smls

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    Lfw

    ü

    ü

    ü
    Hfw

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    LW

    ü
    Salel

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    Sawh

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    SMLS - Seamless, ntle le Will

    LFW - Fry Frecency Weld Wipe, <70 Khz

    HFW - Frequency Wedder Pipe,> 70 Khz

    Sawl - Arc Welding Long Longdidinal

    Sawh - Arc Wingding a helena ralded

    Ho qala litaba

    Likolo, lithunthung, likokoana-hloko, li-coils kapa lipolanete tse sebelisitsoeng ka mekhoa e latelang, sebōpo sa motlakase se tsoang ka motsoako o khabisitsoeng. Bakeng sa PSL2, tšepe e tla bolaoa le ho qhibiliha ho ea ka tloaelo e ntle ea lijo-thollo. Coil kapa poleiti e sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa pipi ea PSL

    Li-complys tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa PSL 1 Pipe e nang le T ≤ 0.984 "

    Sehlopha sa tšepe

    Mabitso a mangata,% a ipapisitse le mocheso le sehlahisoa se hlahlobang A, G

    C

    Max B

    Mn

    Max B

    P

    Max

    S

    Max

    V

    Max

    Nb

    Max

    Ti

    Max

    Pipe e se nang letho

    A

    0.22

    0.90

    0.30

    0.30

    -

    -

    -

    B

    0.28

    1.20

    0.30

    0.30

    c, d

    c, d

    d

    X42

    0.28

    1.30

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X46

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X52

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X56

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X60

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X65

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X70

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    Pipe ea Wead

    A

    0.22

    0.90

    0.30

    0.30

    -

    -

    -

    B

    0.26

    1.2

    0.30

    0.30

    c, d

    c, d

    d

    X42

    0.26

    1.3

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X46

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X52

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X56

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X60

    0.26 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X65

    0.26 e

    1.45 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X70

    0.26E

    1.65 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f
    1. CE ≤ = 0,50% NI; ≤ 0.50%; Cr ≤ 0.50%; le mo ≤ 0.15%
    2. Bakeng sa phokotso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 0.01% ka tlase ho Max e boletsoeng. mahloriso bakeng sa khabone, le keketseho ea 0.05% kaholimo ho Max e boletsoeng. Ho tsepamisa mohopolo bakeng sa MN ho potlakile, ho fihla ho Max. ea 1.65% bakeng sa limaraka ≥ B, empa ≤ = x52; ho fihla ho max. ea 1,75% bakeng sa limaraka> X52, empa <x70; le ho fihla ho 2,00% bakeng sa x70.
    3. Ntle le ha ho lumelle ho lumellanoe ka tsela e 'ngoe + v ≤ 0.06%
    4. Nb + v + ti ≤ 0.15%
    5. Ntle le ha ho lumellane ka ho feta.
    6. Ntle le ha ho lumellane ka tsela e 'ngoe, nb + v = ti ≤ 0.15%
    7. Ha ho na kenyelletso ea ka boomo ea B e lumelletsoe le ho phomola b ≤ 0.001%

    Li-combōnition tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa PSL 2 Pipe le T ≤ 0.984 "

    Sehlopha sa tšepe

    Karolo ea Mass,% e thehiloeng ho mocheso le tlhahlobo ea sehlahisoa

    Carbon Equiv A

    C

    Max B

    Si

    Max

    Mn

    Max B

    P

    Max

    S

    Max

    V

    Max

    Nb

    Max

    Ti

    Max

    Tse ling

    CE IIW

    Max

    CE PCM

    Max

    Phala e se nang letho

    BR

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    c

    c

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X42r

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.06

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    BN

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    c

    c

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X42n

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.06

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X46n

    0.24

    0.40

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.07

    0.05

    0.04

    d, e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X52n

    0.24

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10

    0.05

    0.04

    d, e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X56n

    0.24

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10f

    0.05

    0.04

    d, e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X60n

    0.24f

    0.45f

    1.40F

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10f

    0.05f

    0.04F

    g, h, l

    Joalo ka ha ho lumellanoe

    BQ

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X42Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X46Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X52Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.50

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X56Q

    0.18

    0.45f

    1.50

    0.025

    0.015

    0.07

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X60Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X65Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X70q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.80f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X80q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.90f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    i, j

    Joalo ka ha ho lumellanoe

    X90Q

    0.16F

    0.45f

    1.90

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    J, k

    Joalo ka ha ho lumellanoe

    X100Q

    0.16F

    0.45f

    1.90

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    J, k

    Joalo ka ha ho lumellanoe

    Pipe ea Wead

    BM

    0.22

    0.45

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X42m

    0.22

    0.45

    1.30

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X46m

    0.22

    0.45

    1.30

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X52m

    0.22

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    d

    d

    d

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X56m

    0.22

    0.45f

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    d

    d

    d

    e, l

    .043

    0.25

    X60m

    0.12F

    0.45f

    1.60f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X65m

    0.12F

    0.45f

    1.60f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X70m

    0.12F

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h, l

    .043

    0.25

    X80m

    0.12F

    0.45f

    1.85f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    i, j

    .043F

    0.25

    X90m

    0.10

    0.55f

    2.10f

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    i, j

    -

    0.25

    X100m

    0.10

    0.55f

    2.10f

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    i, j

    -

    0.25
    1. SMLS T> 0.787 ", meeli ea ceiiw e sebelisitsoeng fi C> 0,12% le meeli ea Cepcm
    2. Bakeng sa phokotso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 0.01% ka tlase ho Max e boletsoeng. mahloriso bakeng sa khabone, le keketseho ea 0.05% kaholimo ho Max e boletsoeng. Ho tsepamisa mohopolo bakeng sa MN ho potlakile, ho fihla ho Max. ea 1.65% bakeng sa limaraka ≥ B, empa ≤ = x52; ho fihla ho max. ea 1,75% bakeng sa limaraka> X52, empa <x70; le ho fihla ho 2,00% bakeng sa x70.
    3. Ntle le ha ho lumelle ho lumellanoe ka tsela e 'ngoe = v ≤ 0.06%
    4. Nb = v = ti ≤ 0.15%
    5. Ntle le ha ho lumellane ka tsela e 'ngoe, Cu ≤ 0.50%; Ni ≤ 0.30% cr ≤ 0.30% le MO ≤ 0.15%
    6. Ntle le ha ho lumellanoe ka tsela e 'ngoe
    7. Ntle le ha ho lumelle ho ne ho lumellahale ka tsela e 'ngoe, NB + v + ti ≤ 0.15%
    8. Ntle le ha ho lumellane ka tsela e 'ngoe, Cu ≤ 0,50% ni ≤ 0.50% cr ≤ 0.50% le MO ≤ 0.50%
    9. Ntle le ha ho lumellane ka tsela e 'ngoe hape, Cu ≤ 0,50% ni ≤ 1.00% cr ≤ 0.50% le MO ≤ 0.50%
    10. B ≤ 0.004%
    11. Ntle le ha ho lumellane ka tsela e 'ngoe hape, Cu ≤ 0,50% ni ≤ 1.00% cr ≤ 0.55% le MO ≤ 0.80%
    12. Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsohle tse 2 tsa P PSL Ntle le limaraka tse nang le limaraka tse nang le 1 Jund, tse latelang li sebetsa. Ntle le ha ho ne ho lumellanoa ka ho kenyelletsa ho kenyelletsoa ka boomo ho B ho lumelloa le ho phomola b ≤ 0.001%.

    Tensile le chai - PSL1 le PSL2

    Sehlopha sa Pipe

    Teko ea Teko - Sebele sa Pipe sa SMLS le Weld Wipipes PSL 1

    Seam ea phala ea weld

    Ho hlahisa matla a

    RT0,5PSI Min

    Matla a Tenstile A

    RM PSI Min

    Emplation

    (ka 2in af% min)

    Matla a Tenstile B

    RM PSI Min

    A

    30,500

    48,600

    c

    48,600

    B

    35,500

    60,200

    c

    60,200

    X42

    42,100

    60,200

    c

    60,200

    X46

    46 400

    63,100

    c

    63,100

    X52

    52,200

    66,700

    c

    66,700

    X56

    56,600

    71,100

    c

    71,100

    X60

    60,200

    75,400

    c

    75,400

    X65

    65,300

    77,500

    c

    77,500

    X70

    70,300

    82,700

    c

    82,700
    a. Bakeng sa sehlopha se mahareng, phapang pakeng tsa matla a tlase a metso e boletsoeng le karolo e boletsoeng bakeng sa 'mele o boletsoeng o tla fuoa sehlopha se latelang.

    b. Bakeng sa limaraka tse mahareng, matla a fokolang a metso e anngoeng a selemo se atisang sekepe se tla tšoaneloa ke 'mele o sebelisang leoto a sebelisa leoto.

    c. Nako e nyane e boletsoeng, af, e hlalositsoeng ka liperesentee, e pota-potiloe liperesenteeng e haufinyane, e tla ikemisetsa ho sebelisa equation e latelang:

    Moo c ke 1 940 bakeng sa lipalo tse sebelisang likarolo tsa sim le 625 000 bakeng sa lipalo tse sebelisang likarolo tsa USC

    Axcke ea sebetsang Sebaka sa Teko ea Teko ea Tensitse, e hlahisoang ka li-millimeters tsa lisekoere (lisekoere tsa lisekoere), tse latelang

    - Bakeng sa likarolo tsa karohano tsa naha, 130mmm2 (0.20 ho2) bakeng sa 12,7 mm (0.500 ho) le 8,9 mm (.350 ka) le 65 mm2(0,10 ka2) bakeng sa tse 6,4 mm (0.250501.

    - Bakeng sa likotoana tsa liteko tse felletseng, tse nyane tsa) 485 mm2(0,75 ho2) le b) sebaka sa karolo ea sefapano sa sekhechana sa liteko, se kentsoe ho sebelisa bophara bo boletsoeng ka ntle le lebone le boletsoeng la pompo, le pota-potiloe ho isa ho 10 mm2(0,310n2)

    - Bakeng sa likotoana tsa liteko tsa Strip, tse nyane tsa) 485 mm2(0,75 ho2) le b) sebaka sa karolo ea sefapano sa sekhechana sa teko, se nkiloeng ho sebelisa karolo e boletsoeng ea sekhechana sa liteko le lebone le boletsoeng li-mm2(0,310n2)

    U matla a boletsoeng a ho fella ka nako e anngoeng

    Sehlopha sa Pipe

    Teko ea Teko - Sebele sa Pipe oa SMLS le Weld Wipid PSL 2

    Seam ea phala ea weld

    Ho hlahisa matla a

    RT0,5PSI Min

    Matla a Tenstile A

    RM PSI Min

    Karolelano a, c

    R10,5IRm

    Emplation

    (ka 2in)

    Af%

    Matla a Tenstile D

    Rm(PSI)

    Bonyane

    Boholo

    Bonyane

    Boholo

    Boholo

    Bonyane

    Bonyane
    Br, Bn, BQ, BM

    35,500

    65,300

    60,200

    95,000

    0.93

    f

    60,200
    X42, x42r, x2q, x42m

    42,100

    71,800

    60,200

    95,000

    0.93

    f

    60,200
    X46n, X46Q, X46M

    46 400

    76,100

    63,100

    95,000

    0.93

    f

    63,100
    X52n, X52Q, X52m

    52,200

    76,900

    66,700

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    66,700
    X56n, X56Q, X56M

    56,600

    79,000

    71,100

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    71,100
    X60n, x60q, s60m

    60,200

    81,900

    75,400

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    75,400
    X65Q, X65M

    65,300

    87,000

    77,600

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    76,600
    X70q, x65m

    70,300

    92,100

    82,700

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    82,700
    X80Q, X80M

    80 ,.500

    102,300

    90,600

    119,700

    0.93

    f

    90,600
    a. Bakeng sa sehlopha se mahareng, sheba litlhaloso tse felletseng tsa Api5l.

    b. bakeng sa limaraka> X90 sheba tlhatlhobo e felletseng ea Api5L.

    c. Moeli ona o sebetsa bakeng sa lipie le D> 12.750 ho

    d. Bakeng sa limaraka tse bohareng, matla a fokolang a metso e aneng bakeng sa sekhotla se tšoanang le a Weld

    e. Bakeng sa PIPI e hlokang tlhahlobo ea nako e telele, matla a mangata a chai e tla ba ≤ 71,800 PSI

    f. Nako e nyane e boletsoeng, af, e hlalositsoeng ka liperesentee, e pota-potiloe liperesenteeng e haufinyane, e tla ikemisetsa ho sebelisa equation e latelang:

    Moo c ke 1 940 bakeng sa lipalo tse sebelisang likarolo tsa sim le 625 000 bakeng sa lipalo tse sebelisang likarolo tsa USC

    Axcke ea sebetsang Sebaka sa Teko ea Teko ea Tensitse, e hlahisoang ka li-millimeters tsa lisekoere (lisekoere tsa lisekoere), tse latelang

    - Bakeng sa likarolo tsa karohano tsa naha, 130mmm2 (0.20 ho2) bakeng sa 12,7 mm (0.500 ho) le 8,9 mm (.350 ka) le 65 mm2(0,10 ka2) bakeng sa tse 6,4 mm (0.250501.

    - Bakeng sa likotoana tsa liteko tse felletseng, tse nyane tsa) 485 mm2(0,75 ho2) le b) sebaka sa karolo ea sefapano sa sekhechana sa liteko, se kentsoe ho sebelisa bophara bo boletsoeng ka ntle le lebone le boletsoeng la pompo, le pota-potiloe ho isa ho 10 mm2(0,310n2)

    - Bakeng sa likotoana tsa liteko tsa Strip, tse nyane tsa) 485 mm2(0,75 ho2) le b) sebaka sa karolo ea sefapano sa sekhechana sa teko, se nkiloeng ho sebelisa karolo e boletsoeng ea sekhechana sa liteko le lebone le boletsoeng li-mm2(0,310n2)

    U matla a khethiloeng a manyane

    g. Litekanyetso tse tlase fo r10,5IRm e kanna ea hlalosoa Ka tumellano

    h. bakeng sa limaraka> X90 sheba tlhatlhobo e felletseng ea Api5L.

    Teko ea hydrostatic

    Phala ho emisa tlhahlobo ea hydrostatic ntle le ho hlapana ka sekheo sa Weld kapa 'mele oa pampiri. Ho ikopanya ho sa hlokahale hore ho be le Tlhaselo ea Hydrostatic ho fana ka likarolo tsa poe tse sebelisitsoeng li lekiloe ka katleho.

    Teko ea Bend

    Ha ho le mapetso ka tsela efe kapa efe ea sekhechana sa liteko 'me seretse se tla hlaha.

    Teko e bataletseng

    Litekanyetso tsa kamohelo bakeng sa teko e bataletseng e tla ba
    a) ew pipes d <12.750 ho
    -Le x60 ka t≥0.500in, ha ho na ho buloa ha wel pele sebaka se pakeng tsa lipolanete li ka tlase ho 66% ea bophara ba mantlha. Bakeng sa limaraka tsohle le lebota, 50%.
    -He pipe ka a D / T>
    b) Bakeng sa boholo bo bong bo bua ka tlhaloso e felletseng ea Api5l

    Teko ea li-CVN ea PSL2

    Boholo ba phapo e mengata ea PSL2 ho hlokahala le limaraka tse hlokahalang. Pipe e se nang letho ke ho hlahlojoa 'meleng. Pipe e nang le Weld Lebisa tlhaloso e felletseng ea api5l bakeng sa chate ea boholo le limaraka tse hlokahalang mme e ne e hloka boleng ba matla a matla.

    Ho mamella ka ntle ho bophara, kantle ho potoloha le botenya ba lebota

    E hlalositsoeng ka ntle ho moo (ka)

    Mamello ea bophahamo, inches d

    Ho mamella ho mamella

    PIP ntle le pheletso a

    Phala e fella A, B, C

    PIP ntle le pheletso a

    Phala e fella A, B, C

    Smls phala

    Pipe ea Wead

    Smls phala

    Pipe ea Wead

    <2.375

    -0.031 ho isa + 0,016

    - 0.031 ho isa + 0,016

    0.048

    0.036

    ≥2.375 ho 6.625

    +/- 0, 0,575D

    		 - 0.016 ho + 0.063

    0.020d bakeng sa

    Ka tumellano ea

    0.015D bakeng sa

    Ka tumellano ea

    > 6.625 ho 24.000

    +/- 0, 0,575D

    +/- 0.007D, empa max of 0,125

    +/- 0.005D, empa max of 0,063

    0.020d

    0.015D

    > 24 Ho isa ho 56

    +/- 0,01d

    +/- 0.005D empa max of 0,160

    +/- 0.079

    +/- 0.063

    0.015D bakeng sa empa Max oa 0.060

    Bakeng sa

    Ka tumellano

    bakeng sa

    0.01d bakeng sa empa Max oa 0.500

    Bakeng sa

    Ka tumellano

    bakeng sa
    > 56 Joalo ka ha ho lumellanoe
    1. Qetellong ea pie e kenyelletsa bolelele ba 4 ho ja e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea litlolo tse fetelletseng
    2. Bakeng sa ho ts'oara ho smls
    3. Bakeng sa phala e atolositsoeng le D08.625in le ho mamella ha bophahamo, ho mamella ho hoholo le ho mamella ka tšohanyetso ho ka ba teng ka bophara ho fapana le od.
    4. Bakeng sa ho fumana mamello ho mamella ho mamella, bophara ba lipere ho hlalosoa e le potoloho ea phala ea sefofane e seng le e 'ngoe ea sefofane.

    Botenya ba lebota

    t incki

    Ho mamella ho

    lisenthimithara

    SMLS Pipe B

    ≤ 0.157

    + 0,024 / - 0.020

    > 0.157 ho <0,948

    +1150t / - 0.12T

    ≥ 0,984

    + 0,146 kapa +1T, efe kapa efe e kholo

    - 0.120 kapa - 0.1T, efe kapa efe e kholo

    Piped Pipe C, D

    ≤ 0.197

    +/- 0.020
    > 0,197 ho <0,591

    +/- 0- 011T

    ≥ 0.591

    +/- 0.060
    1. Haeba taelo ea ho reka e bontša mamello e nyane bakeng sa mafika a mangata ho feta boleng bo fanoeng tafoleng ena, ho mamella ho tla eketsoa ka bongata ho boloka molumo o sebetsang.
    2. Bakeng sa PIPO le D JL0 14.000 ka t≥0.984in, lebota la lebota le se ke la feta bakeng sa boima ba 'mele ha le fetisoe.
    3. Tonarance ea Boraro ea lebota ha e sebetse sebakeng sa Weld
    4. Bona lintlha tse felletseng tsa Api5L bakeng sa lintlha tse felletseng
  • E fetileng:
  • E 'ngoe:
    • Ngola molaetsa oa hau mona 'me u e romelle ho rona

    Mekhahlelo ea lihlahisoa